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''Iphigénie en Tauride'' (''Iphigenia in Tauris'') is a 1779 opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck in four acts. It was his fifth opera for the French stage. The libretto was written by Nicolas-François Guillard. With ''Iphigénie,'' Gluck took his operatic reform to its logical conclusion. The recitatives are shorter and they are ''récitatif accompagné'' (i.e. the strings and perhaps other instruments are playing, not just continuo accompaniment). The normal dance movements that one finds in the French ''tragédie en musique'' are almost entirely absent. The drama is ultimately based on the play ''Iphigenia in Tauris'' by the ancient Greek dramatist Euripides which deals with stories concerning the family of Agamemnon in the aftermath of the Trojan War. ==Performance history== ''Iphigénie en Tauride'' was first performed on 18 May 1779 by the Paris Opéra at the second Salle du Palais-Royal and was a great success. Some think that the head of the Paris Opéra, Devismes, had attempted to stoke up the rivalry between Gluck and Niccolò Piccinni, an Italian composer also resident in the French capital, by asking them both to set an opera on the subject of Iphigenia in Tauris. In the event, Piccinni's ''Iphigénie en Tauride'' was not premiered until January 1781 and did not enjoy the popularity that Gluck's work did.〔Holden, p.779〕 In 1781 Gluck produced a German version of the opera, ''Iphigenia in Tauris,'' for the visit of the Russian Grand Duke Paul to Vienna, with the libretto translated and adapted by Johann Baptist von Alxinger in collaboration with the composer. Among the major changes was the transposition of the role of Oreste from baritone to tenor and the replacement of the final chorus of Act 2 with an instrumental movement.〔Krause, p.14〕〔Rushton, booklet notes, p.14〕 The revised version was the only opera Gluck wrote in his native German,〔Holden, p.371〕 and his last work for the stage. Styled “a tragic Singspiel”, it was staged on 23 October 1781 at the ''Nationalhoftheater'',〔Krause, p.14, Rushton, p.14, Holden, p.371〕 as the emperor Joseph II had had the ''Burgtheater'' renamed after dismissing the Italian singers and their orchestra in 1776 and installing German actors in the theatre. When the meagre results achieved by the new Singspiel programmes〔"despite the phenomenal success of (''Die Entführung aus dem Serail'' (1782) ) and national sentiment against foreign spectacles" (Brown, cf. below)〕 led the emperor to back down, getting an Italian opera buffa company recruited again and engaging Lorenzo da Ponte as his theatre poet,〔Bruce Alan Brown, ''Vienna'', in Sadie, Vol. Four, p. 993〕 the latter was charged to prepare an Italian translation of Gluck’s opera, which was staged in the restored ''Burgtheater'', on 14 December 1783.〔Tim Carter, "Da Ponte, Lorenzo", in Sadie, Vol. One, pp. 1073 and 1075〕 The German edition was revived in Berlin at the former Königliches Nationaltheater in the Gendarmenmarkt on 24 February 1795,〔Joseph Schlüters, ''A General History of Music'', London, Bentley, 1865, p. 139 (note) In 1889 Richard Strauss made a new arrangement of the work for the publisher Adolph Fürstner, which was later staged in Weimar at the Hoftheater on 9 June 1900, under the Goethe-inspired title of ''Iphigenie auf Tauris''.〔 Page: ''35° Festival della Valle d'Itria: Iphigenie auf Tauris'', in ("Salentonline.it - il portale del Salento" ), Clio S.p.A. Lecce.〕 Strauss’s version was quite often performed at the beginning of the twentieth century and was also used for the work’s première at the Metropolitan Opera in 1916,〔the original version was revived at the Metropolitan Opera in the 2010-11 season. The 26 February performance was transmitted live in movie theaters around the world as part of "The Met: Live in HD" series〕 but is by now rarely heard.〔 It was recorded in 1961 with Montserrat Caballé in the title role〔(''Operadis discography'' ) (accessed 26 August 2011)〕 and was recently revived at the 2009 Festival della Valle d'Itria at Martina Franca.〔 As for the Da Ponte Italian version,〔(''Amadeus Almanac'' )〕 there was a “memorable” staging at the Teatro alla Scala in 1957, with Nino Sanzogno conducting the orchestra, Luchino Visconti as the director and Maria Callas in the title role.〔(''Il dizionario'' )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iphigénie en Tauride」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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